Reported speech

Reported speech is an activity report or convey what was spoken by someone else. in other words reported speech also called direct speech but not delivered directly by the initial speaker

                Reported speech is usually introduce by a verb in the past tense.  verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into corresponding past tense.

Exsample

direct speech:

·         Simple present tense : ‘I never  eat meat,’ he explained.

Indirect  speech:

·         Simple present tense: he explained that he never ate meat.

Statements

When transforming statements, check whether we have to change:

·         pronouns

·         present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

·         place and time expressions

·         tenses (backshift)

Type                                   Example

direct speech                ( “I speak English.”)

reported speech

(no backshift)                ( He says that he speaks English)

reported speech

(backshift)                      (He said that he spoke English)

When transforming questions, check whether kita have to change:

·         pronouns

·         present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

·         place and time expressions

·         tenses (backshift)

Also note that we have to:

    transform the question into an indirect question

    use the interrogative or if / whether

Type                                                                  Example

with interrogative direct speech               “Why don’t you speak English?”

reported speech                                            He asked me why I didn’t speak English.

without interrogative direct speech        “Do you speak English?”

reported speech                                           He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

Noun clauses which begin with a question word

1.       what did he say that?    (I did not hear what he said)

2.      why she was crying?  (I don’t know why she's crying)

3.      where he will perform? ( I don’t know where he will perform)

Noun clauses which begin with whether or if

4.       whill she come ? ( I don’t know if she will come)

5.       does he need help? ( I wonder if she will come or not)

6.      what she had recovered? (I do not know if he is cured or not)

Noun clauses which begin with that

7.       he is a good teacher  ( I think that he is a good teacher)

8.       tomorrow there is the phenomenon supermoon ( we know that tomorrow there is the phenomenon supermoon)

question words followed by infinitives

9.       he told me when I should come

10.   I don’t know what else I can do

Noun clause

a noun is used as a subject or an object
a noun clause is used as a subject. in other words, a noun clause is used in the same ways as a noun
a noun clause is a clause functioning as a noun. it has its own subject and verb.
words used to introduce noun clauses:
1.question words:
   when
   where
   why
   how
   whose
   who
   whom
   what
   which
as an example :
question: what did he say?
noun clauses : i couldn't hear what he said

Noun clauses which begin with whether or if
yes/no question : does he need help
function as object : i wonder whether he needs help
function as subject : whether she comes or not is not important to me

question words followed by infinitives
question words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose, what, which) and whether may be followed by infinitive.
as an example: i don't know
noun clause as the object: what i should do.

noun clauses which begin with that
statement : he is a good actor
noun clause : i think that is a good actor

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